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Ullman, Walter. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship: The Birbeck Lectures, 1968-69. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010), 1.
Butt, John J. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. (Westport: Greenwood, 2002), 129.
Halsall, Paul. Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, .” Fordham.edu. (Accessed July 7, 2019) https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Fouracre, Paul. “The Long Shadow of the Merovingians” in Story, Joanna. Charlemagne: Empire and Society. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), 5 - 19.
Bachrach, Bernard S. Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 45.
Carolingian Chronicles: The Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard’s Histories. Translated by Bernahrd Walter Scholz and Barbara Rogers. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1970), 44.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 46 - 48. Halsall. “Einhard.” https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 51.
Halsall. “Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, 28.”https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 81.Halsall. “Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, 28”
Norwich, John J. Byzantium: The Apogee. (New York: Knopf, 1992), 3.
Butt. Daily Life, 135.
Butt, John J. Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne. (Westport: Greenwood, 2002), 129.
Halsall, Paul. Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, .” Fordham.edu. (Accessed July 7, 2019) https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Fouracre, Paul. “The Long Shadow of the Merovingians” in Story, Joanna. Charlemagne: Empire and Society. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), 5 - 19.
Bachrach, Bernard S. Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 45.
Carolingian Chronicles: The Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard’s Histories. Translated by Bernahrd Walter Scholz and Barbara Rogers. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1970), 44.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 46 - 48. Halsall. “Einhard.” https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 51.
Halsall. “Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, 28.”https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/einhard.asp.
Scholz and Rogers. The Royal Frankish Annals, 81.Halsall. “Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne, 28”
Norwich, John J. Byzantium: The Apogee. (New York: Knopf, 1992), 3.
Butt. Daily Life, 135.