History
Gallery
Videos
Activity
Activity Video
Books
Websites
Citations
History of al-Tabari Vol. 18: Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu’awiya A.D. 661-680/ A.H. 40-60. Translated by Michael G. Morony (Albany, State University of New York, 1987), 5.
Kennedy, Hugh. Caliphate: The History of an Idea (New York: Basic Books, 2016).
Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2001), 18.
Kennedy. The Armies of the Caliphs, 19-32.
Kennedy. Caliphate.
Borrut, Antoine and Fred M. Donner “Christians and Others in the Umayyad State” in Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, eds. Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2016), 2.
Hoyland, Robert. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1997), 163.
The History of al-Tabari Vol. 27: The Abbasid Revolution A.D. 743-750/A.H. 126-132 (Albany: State of New York University, 1985), 167.
Kennedy, Hugh. Caliphate: The History of an Idea (New York: Basic Books, 2016).
Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2001), 18.
Kennedy. The Armies of the Caliphs, 19-32.
Kennedy. Caliphate.
Borrut, Antoine and Fred M. Donner “Christians and Others in the Umayyad State” in Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, eds. Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2016), 2.
Hoyland, Robert. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1997), 163.
The History of al-Tabari Vol. 27: The Abbasid Revolution A.D. 743-750/A.H. 126-132 (Albany: State of New York University, 1985), 167.