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United States House of Representatives. “Party Realignment and the New Deal.” history.house.gov. (Accessed March 15, 2020) https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Keeping-the-Faith/Party-Realignment--New-Deal/.
“A Liberated Slave in the Speaker’s Chair - the First Negro Presiding over the House of Representatives - Memorable Scenes.” The New York Herald, April 30, 1874.
The New York Herald, April 30, 1874.
Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1874; Abbeville Press and Banner, May 6, 1874; Anderson Intelligencer, May 7, 1874.
A Negro in the Speaker’s Chair.” The Louisiana Democrat, May 27, 1874.
U.S. Const. Amend. XV,§ 1.
“An Act to enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other Purposes. April 20, 1871.” The Statutes at Large and the Proclamations of the United States of America from March 1871 to March 1873 and Treaties and Postal Conventions, ed. By George P. Sanger. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1873), 13 -15. (Accessed March 13, 2020) https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/42nd-congress/c42.pdf; Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869 - 1879. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 25 - 28.
Vincent P. DeSantis. “Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction” in Region, Race and Reconstruction, ed. by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson. (Oxford University Press, 1982), 417 - 450; Gillette. Retreat from Reconstruction, 335 - 354.
U. S. House of Representatives. Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), 62 - 66.
“A Liberated Slave in the Speaker’s Chair - the First Negro Presiding over the House of Representatives - Memorable Scenes.” The New York Herald, April 30, 1874.
The New York Herald, April 30, 1874.
Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1874; Abbeville Press and Banner, May 6, 1874; Anderson Intelligencer, May 7, 1874.
A Negro in the Speaker’s Chair.” The Louisiana Democrat, May 27, 1874.
U.S. Const. Amend. XV,§ 1.
“An Act to enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other Purposes. April 20, 1871.” The Statutes at Large and the Proclamations of the United States of America from March 1871 to March 1873 and Treaties and Postal Conventions, ed. By George P. Sanger. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1873), 13 -15. (Accessed March 13, 2020) https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/42nd-congress/c42.pdf; Gillette, William. Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869 - 1879. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 25 - 28.
Vincent P. DeSantis. “Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction” in Region, Race and Reconstruction, ed. by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson. (Oxford University Press, 1982), 417 - 450; Gillette. Retreat from Reconstruction, 335 - 354.
U. S. House of Representatives. Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2008), 62 - 66.